Amirahmad Shojaei, Ahad Faramarz Gharamaleki,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2010)
Abstract
According to the professional definition of ethics, ethics is a sustainable and steady way of communication based on rights of both sides and also professional ethics is to know and act to your ethical responsibilities that every real or legal person has to others. Therefore, one of the measures of the ethicality of a university is students rights and we can count those rights to find the ethical responsibilities.
From the very beginning of entering to the university and even when the student is admitted, he/she has rights which some of them are related to the educational system. (Of course the other parts are related to the environment, including family, friends, professors, different branches of university and totally other elements of society which are not the concern of this article). Students rights can be divided into two types: the first type is those rights which have been changed into rules and are in the form of regulations and instructions and need to be followed. The other type is those rights which are not official yet and they are just some ethical principles. These rights are called ethical responsibilities and in this article we deal with these responsibilities towards students. Therefore, it is necessary to know the students rightsin the educational system and they can be the basis of many ethical judgments for the university.
Students rights are not just related to the educational system and they surround other parts of university and society as well, but the students rights in the educational system have a straight relation to his/her learning and scientific development, so those are considered as the the most important rights of students and acting to them is also very crucial.
By counting the students rights in the educational system, the university would be aware of its duties practically and it will be the first step of implementation of ethics in the university. Total duties of university and educational system towards student's rights are as following:
- 1- To recognize the students right.
- 2- To comply and show sensitivity to the students rights.
- 3- To comply the characters
- 4- Make restitution for lack of compliance.
If we look at the students rights from the university's point of view, then we should consider the duties of university all based on professional principles which are like Copernican Revolution. According to this: "others have rights and we have duties." i.e. for determining the educational duties of universities towards the students, we should first consider the students rights and then the duties of the university.
Mohsen Bahrami, Ahad Faramarz Gharamaleki ,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (4-2012)
Abstract
In this paper, different definitions of moral conflict and moral dilemma at two levels of recognition and observing moral duties are taken into consideration and some instances of usage of conflict in physiology (conflict of stimulant and goals) and sociology(conflict of roles and norms)are mentioned. Also concepts and constraints used in the moral dilemma, especially the concept of "ought to" and the concept of "Inescapable of wrongdoing" are surveyed in a logical analysis. If in definition of moral dilemma, the concept of “ought to” and “duties” being transformable to “commensurable reasons” and their justificatory values, many of apparent moral dilemmas will be solvable and only if the values contained in the duties, being incommensurable and non-infringement, moral wrongdoing will be inevitable. In this research, it will become clear that why and how proponents of the possibility of moral dilemmas under pressure of logical argument against the possibility of moral dilemmas and criticisms of opponents, in order to provide the necessary features for a genuine dilemma have suggested variety and supplementary definitions of moral dilemmas such as: natural, disjunctive, two shape and prohibition definitions. Natural definition of moral dilemma represents a situation in which the agent sees himself as both a moral duty, while he can't do it well. In disjunctive definition agent is required to perform either task. In two shape definition (consisting of the "ought to" and "ought not to"), on the one hand the agent ought to do and on the other hand ought not to do the same. In prohibition definition, the agent should not perform any of the two while he has no choice but to do one.
